Document Type
Article
Publication Date
6-2008
Abstract
In this paper we introduce a paradigm for learning in the limit of potentially infinite languages from all positive data and negative counterexamples provided in response to the conjectures made by the learner. Several variants of this paradigm are considered that reflect different conditions/constraints on the type and size of negative counterexamples and on the time for obtaining them. In particular, we consider the models where 1) a learner gets the least negative counterexample; 2) the size of a negative counterexample must be bounded by the size of the positive data seen so far; 3) a counterexample may be delayed. Learning power, limitations of these models, relationships between them, as well as their relationships with classical paradigms for learning languages in the limit (without negative counterexamples) are explored. Several surprising results are obtained. In particular, for Gold’s model of learning requiring a learner to syntactically stabilize on correct conjectures, learners getting negative counterexamples immediately turn out to be as powerful as the ones that do not get them for indefinitely (but finitely) long time (or are only told that their latest conjecture is not a subset of the target language, without any specific negative counterexample). Another result shows that for behaviourally correct learning (where semantic convergence is required from a learner) with negative counterexamples, a learner making just one error in almost all its conjectures has the “ultimate power”: it can learn the class of all recursively enumerable languages. Yet another result demonstrates that sometimes positive data and negative counterexamples provided by a teacher are not enough to compensate for full positive and negative data.
Recommended Citation
Jain, Sanjay and Kinber, Efim, "Language Learning from Positive Data and Negative Counterexamples" (2008). School of Computer Science & Engineering Faculty Publications. 6.
https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/computersci_fac/6
Comments
Published:
Jain, Sanjay and Efim Kinber. "Language Learning from Positive Data and Negative Counterexamples." Journal of Computer and System Sciences 74.4 (Jun 2008) 431–456.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcss.2007.06.012